Objective To investigate the comparetive histology of female reproductive system of common laboratory animals, and to find out the similarities and differences among them to provide normal histologic controls for the basic research of the laboratory animal study. Methods Five kinds of animals, i.e., Kunming mice ,SD rats, Japanese big ear rabbit, Beagle and tree shrews, which all reaching sexual maturity and their quality all meeting the national quality standards of the laboratory animal inspection, were selected to undergo pathological anatomy, pathological slices –making, conventional HE staining, immunohistochemical staining after painless death for the research of the histological similarities and differences on the ovary, oviduct, uterus and cervix uteri and spontaneous lesions among them under microscope. Results (1) The maximum number of plies of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubule is found in Japanese big ear rabbit, the maximum number of sperm counts is found in SD rat, and the thickest ply of albuginea is found in Beagle. Comparison of ovarian histology: The maximum number of follicle at all levels is found in Japanese big ear rabbit, followed by kunming mice in the mumber of the secondary and mature follicle, the maximum number of corpus luteum and white body is found in SD rat, and the ovarian hilum in SD rats and beagle is more obvious than that of others. (2)Comparison of oviduct histology: Oviduct epithelium of beagle is highly developed, showing a network interwoven by papillary epithelium. (3) Comparison of uterus histology:The thickest of the endometrium layer and muscular layer is found in Beagle, while the thinnest of the endometrium layer and muscle layer is found in Kunming mice. And the greatest density of the endometrial gland is found in tree shrews.(4) Comparison of cervical histology: The cervixes of Kunming mice,SD rats and beagle are all covered with squamous epithelium and without cervical mucus glands, while the cervixes of Japanese big ear rabbit and tree shrews are covered with mucus columnar epithelium, showing papillary arrangement, and with a few inherent cervical mucus glands. (5)A handful of laboratory animals are attacked by inflammation, ulcers, calcification, hemosiderin deposition and some spontaneous lesions. Conclusion There are some histologic differences in the female reproductive system of laboratory animals, so this should be take into account in experiments and related pathology inspection of laboratory animals.