Mitochondrial dynamics refers to maintenance of the mitochondrial network and the provision of energy for cells during division and fusion. Mitochondria can be easily damaged by various factors, especially abnormal mitosis, which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. Drp1 ( dynamin-related protein 1) is a crucial protein in mitochondrial division. Increased levels of Drp1 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mediate the interaction between mitochondrial fragmentation and AD pathology and accelerate the disease process. Here, we review the current understanding of Drp1 protein structure, activity regulation and its relationship with AD to clarify the relationship between Drp1, mitochondria and AD pathology. We also discuss the development of new drugs targeting mitochondrial kinetic proteins.