Abstract: Objective To explore the possible causes of CAST/ EiJ mouse susceptibility to multiple pathogens,the immune cell phenotypes in the peripheral blood and spleen of CAST/ EiJ mice were analyzed to clarify their composition. Methods Classical dendritic cells (cDCs), natural killer (NK) cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and their subsets in the peripheral blood and spleen of CAST/ EiJ mice and C57BL/ 6J mice were detected by flow cytometry using the cell surface markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD11c, CD19, CD27, CD49b, and TCRβ. Results There was no significant difference in the proportion of cDCs between CAST/ EiJ and C57BL/ 6J mice, but the cDC1 cell subset population was smaller in CAST/ EiJ. The proportions of NK cells ( mainly mature NK cell subsets) and T lymphocytes(mainly CD8⁸⁺T cells) were both lower in CAST/ EiJ mice than C57BL/ 6J mice, while the proportion of B cells was higher in CAST/ EiJ mice than C57BL/ 6J mice. Conclusions The proportions of NK and T lymphocytes in CAST/ EiJ mice were lower than those in C57BL/ 6J mice.

Abstract: Objective To study the effects and mechanism of norcantharidin ( NCTD) on proliferation and apoptosis of NB4 and K562 human leukemic cells by regulating phosphoprotein phosphatase 5 catalytic ( PPP5C). Methods PC3. 1 and PPP5C-PC3. 1 plasmids were electroporated into NB4 and K562 cells. Stable NB4 and K562 cell lines were selected with geneticin (G418). Protein and mRNA expression levels of PPP5C were measured by Western blot and RT-qPCR, respectively. Proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of NB4 and K562 cells were determined by a CCK-8 assay, transwell assay, and Live & Dead TM animal cell viability / toxicity detection kit, respectively. NB4 and K562 cells were divided into 0 μg / mL NCTD group and various NCTD dose groups, and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 0,8, 16, or 32 μg / ml NCTD. The Live & Dead TM animal cell viability / toxicity detection kit measured the numbers of dead and live cells, and cell morphology was observed under a microscope. Western blot was used to measure protein expression levels of caspase 3, Cleaved caspase 3, JNK, p-JNK, p38, p-p38, and α-Tubulin. Results Proliferation, migration,and apoptosis of NB4 and K562 cells were enhanced by overexpression of PPP5C. Compared with 0 μg / mL NCTD group,NCTD promoted apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. PPP5C overexpression antagonized the killing effect of NCTD on leukemic cells. Mechanistic investigations showed that PPP5C reduced the protein level of p-JNK by dephosphorylating and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related protein Cleaved caspase 3. Conclusions NCTD promotes apoptosis of NB4 and K562 cells and inhibits their proliferation by inhibiting PPP5C.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of alcoholic extract of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni on the depressive-like behaviors in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) induced by reserpine. Methods Zebrafish larvae were divided into various groups: control (Con) group, reserpine group, fluoxetine group, H. citrina alcohol extract (HCE) low dose group ( 1. 5 mg / L), HCE medium dose group ( 3 mg / L), and HCE high dose group ( 4. 5 mg / L). Depressive-like behaviors were analyzed using sound and light stimulation. Real-time PCR was used to investigate the effects of HCE on depression related astrocyte markers (GFAP, C3, C4B, EMP-1, S100α-10) and the neurotrophic factor BDNF and its receptor genes (P75, TrkB). Results In comparison to the control group, the model group demonstrated significantly shorter movement distance and reduced movement time under sound and light stimulation ( P<0. 05, P<0. 001, P<0.0001). Following the administration of HCE, zebrafish larvae exhibited significantly heightened sensitivity to light and sound stimulation compared to the model group (P<0. 05, P<0. 0001). Astrocyte marker genes were up-regulated in the model group zebrafish brains compared to the control group ( P<0. 0001 ). However, when the model group was administered HCE, the expression of astrocyte markers was significantly down-regulated compared to the model group (P<0. 0001). Neurotrophic factor and its receptor genes (BDNF, P75, TrkB) were down-regulated in zebrafish brains in the model group compared to those in the control group ( P<0. 0001). However, in the group administered HCE, the expression of BDNF, P75, and TrkB was significantly up-regulated compared to that in the model group (P<0. 01, P<0. 0001). These findings suggest that HCE suppressed the inflammatory responses caused by astrocyte activation and promoted the production of neurotrophic factors and their receptor genes, thereby exerting an ameliorative effect on depression. Conclusions Alcoholic extracts of H. citrina can ameliorate the depression-like behavioral changes induced by reserpine in zebrafish larvae. They reduce the expression of astrocyte markers in the zebrafish brain and promote the production of neurotrophic factors and their receptor genes, playing an antidepressant role.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of five-element music on the social behavior of the children of mothers with fear stress during pregnancy and provide a basis for the early prevention and treatment of clinical fetogenic affective disorders. Methods Forty-five pregnant mice were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, model group, and five-element music group. The model and five-element music group models were established using the bystander electric shock method. Additionally, the five-element music group was exposed to Palace Tune five-element music daily from 17:00 to 19:00 during pregnancy. On the 19th day of pregnancy, ELISA was employed to assess the levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol (CORT) in the serum of pregnant mice in each group for modeling evaluation. The offspring were subsequently grouped with their mother and underwent an 8-week-old three-box social experiment to observe their social behavior. We used the immunofluorescence double-labeling method to detect glutamatergic neuron activity in the medial prefrontal cortex ( mPFC ) of the offspring. High-performance liquid chromatography was employed to measure the total glutamate (Glu) content in the mPFC, while Gorky staining was used to observe changes in the dendritic spines of mPFC neurons in the offspring. Results Compared to those in the blank group,pregnant mice in the model group exhibited a significant increase in the levels of ACTH and CORT in their serum, and there was a significant decrease in the social interaction time and social novelty preference index of their offspring. There was also a significant decrease in glutamate neuron activity, glutamate content, and neuronal dendritic spine density. In contrast, compared with those in the model group, pregnant mice in the five-element music group demonstrated a reduction in the levels of ACTH and CORT in the serum, and there were improvements in the social behavior, glutamate neuron activity, glutamate content, and condition of neuronal dendritic spines in the offspring. Conclusions Intervention with five-element music effectively ameliorated the offspring’ s social behavior disorder result ing from prenatal fear stress; the mechanism was potentially linked to enhanced glutamate neuron activity in the mPFC region.

Abstract: Objective To establish F0 generation chimeric rabbits with FOXN1 gene knockout and explore method for the in vivo conservation of immunodeficient rabbits in a conventional housing environment. Methods Initially,CRISPR/ Cas9 technology was employed to inject constructed sgRNA and Cas9 protein into a single cell from rabbit two-cell stage embryos to obtain chimeric embryos with FOXN1 gene editing. The embryos were subsequently transferred into surrogate does. Finally, the F0 generation offsprings were genotyped using PCR and Sanger sequencing, and their growth and development in a conventional housing environment were observed. Results The PCR and Sanger sequencing result confirmed the successful establishment of chimeric rabbits with FOXN1 gene knockout. On observation, the chimeras exhibited normal growth and development in a conventional environment without any immunodeficient phenotypes. Conclusions This study established a preliminary chimeric rabbit model with FOXN1 gene knockout that grows and develops normally in standard laboratory environments. This lays the foundation for the further breeding of FOXN1 immunodeficient rabbits in the future.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of gallic acid (GA) on lipopolysaccharide ( LPS)- induced inflammatory responses in human THP1 macrophages. Methods THP1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages with phorbol myristate acetate. A macrophage inflammation model was established with LPS induction, and GA was added at different concentrations. The safe concentrations of LPS and GA for THP1 cells were screened using the CCK-8 method, and a normal group, model group ( 100 μg / L LPS), and GA group ( 100 μg / L LPS + different concentrations of GA) were set up. ELISA was used to detect the levels of interleukin ( IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β in the cell culture media of each group. The microplate method was used to detect lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) activity and NO content in the cell cultures, and fluorescence staining was used to detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell damage, and changes in mitochondrial transmembrane potential in each group.Western blot was performed to detect the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 ( COX-2), HMGB1, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase(JNK), extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK), P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38), nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), Caspase-1, IL-1β, and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Results Compared with the normal group, the model cell group’ s secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NO was increased (P<0. 05); the secretion of COX-2, HMGB1, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-P38 and expression of p-NF-κB, NLRP3, Caspase-1,IL-1β were elevated ( P<0. 05); expression of GSDMD protein activation fragment was reduced ( P<0. 05); ROS generation and cellular damage were significantly increased; mitochondrial transmembrane potential was significantly lower;and LDH activity was elevated (P<0. 05). In comparison with the model group, the GA group cells’ secretion of IL-6,TNF-α, IL-1β, and NO was decreased (P<0. 05); expression of COX-2, HMGB1, p-ERK, p-JNK, p-P38, p-NF-κB,NLRP3, Caspase-1, and IL-1β was decreased ( P<0. 05); GSDMD protein activation fragment expression level was increased ( P<0. 05); ROS generation and cellular damage were decreased; mitochondrial transmembrane potential gradually increased; and LDH activity was decreased (P<0. 05). Conclusions GA had an inhibitory effect on the LPSinduced inflammatory response in THP1 macrophages, and its anti-inflammatory mechanism may involve the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Abstract: Objective To study animal models of chronic fatigue syndrome and to provide a reference for improvements in related animal experimental method and models. Methods Using “ chronic fatigue syndrome, animal model” and “chronic fatigue syndrome, animal model” as search terms, we searched in the China Knowledge, Wanfang,and PubMed databases from July 2000 to July 2023. We compiled the literature on animal models of chronic fatigue syndrome and analyzed the experimental method and models. Content relating to experimental animals, modeling method,positive drugs, and detection indexes was sorted, and a database was set up for statistics and analysis. Results A total of 155 articles were included from the validated literature; most of the experimental animals were male SD rats of specificpathogen free grade and body weights of around 180~ 220 g. Most of the mice used were KM males of 18~ 22 g. The most commonly used positive drug was ginsenoside tablets; and the typical modeling method was “forced cold water swimming + chronic restraint”. Testing indexes were mainly behavioral and included exhaustive swimming test, open field test, rat tail suspension test, Morris water maze test, and animal’ behavioral cycle, and observations of the general state of the animals. Modeling cycles mostly spanned 14 days. The most frequently tested indexes were serum MDA, SOD, TNF-α, IL-1β,CORT, IL-2, IFN-γ, ACTH, GSH-Px, IgG, IgA, and IL-6. The remaining indicators were selected according to the research purpose and included spleen, thymus, and other organ indexes; morphological indicators detected by hematoxylin and eosin pathological staining; ultrastructural electron microscopy indicators; immunohistochemistry-related indicators,and related mRNA and protein expression indicators detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot method. mRNA and protein expression indexes were determined via a variety of tests, but the frequency of their application was low. At present, animal models are mainly used to study the effects of interventions and the etiology and mechanisms of the disease. Conclusions The pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome is still unclear, and animal models are mainly based on stress modeling with “forced cold water swimming + chronic restraint”, which simulates the physical and mental fatigue states of humans. No standard criteria for the formation of animal models are available, and the evaluation of models is based on the application of a variety of behavioral experiments, individually or in combination. Objective evaluation indexes are mostly used to validate the etiology of the disease and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. The result of various test indexes have shown that chronic fatigue syndrome may be related to inflammatory responses, neurological dysfunction, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and there may be abnormalities in immune function, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and cell death. This summary is expected to provide a reference for researchers planning to employ these models and ideas for model refinements.

Abstract: Objective To explore the hearing and cochlear histomorphological changes in APP / PS1 transgenic mice during the process of AD and to determine whether the occurrence and development of AD affect their hearing function. Methods APP / PS1 transgenic mice and wild type littermates were selected at the ages of 4, 8 and 12 months.Changes to the auditory function of APP / PS1 transgenic mice over time were detected by immunofluorescence staining and auditory brainstem response (ABR) test. Results Compared with the control group, the 4-month-old APP / PS1 transgenic mice had a significantly increased number of Aβ plaques in the hippocampus, indicating that AD symptoms were already present at this time. At the ages of 4, 8 and 12 months, there was no significant difference in the hearing threshold between APP / PS1 transgenic mice and wild type mice. Histomorphological examination of the cochlea showed no significant difference in key cells of the inner ear, such as cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion, between the two groups of mice. An ABR test showed that the hearing threshold of both APP / PS1 transgenic mice and wild type littermates increased significantly with age, and both groups showed age-related hearing loss. Conclusions There was age-related hearing loss in APP / PS1 transgenic mice, but the occurrence and development of AD had little effect on their auditory functions.

Abstract: Objective To examine the hypoglycemic effect of Chinese yam polysaccharide on the 3T3-L1 insulin resistance cell model. Methods IR-3T3-L1 adipocytes were randomly divided into control group ( Con), model group (DEX), metformin group (Met, positive drug group) and CYPS group (0. 05, 0. 15, 0. 45 mg / mL). After the creation of the IR-3T3-L1 cell model by dexamethasone (DEX) (1 μmol / L) stimulation, Chinese yam polysaccharide treatment was applied. Glucose intake and the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, GSH-Px, MDA, HK, and PK were then measured.AMPK-PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway-associated gene expression was identified using qRT-PCR. Results The glucose consumption of IR-3T3-L1 cells was considerably decreased after 48 hours of treatment with 1 μmol / L DEX compared to that of the Con group (P<0. 01), and the reduction persisted for 60 hours. 0. 05, 0. 15, 0. 45 mg / mL CYPS treatment significantly increased glucose consumption (P<0. 01), HK, PK, GSH-Px enzyme activities (P<0. 01), HDL-C content (P<0. 01), and decreased MDA enzyme activity (P<0. 01), T-CHO, TG, LDL-C content (P<0. 01) in IR-3T3-L1 cells. 01). Additionally, CYPS administration dramatically decreased PI3K, Akt, GLUT-4, AMPK, IRS-2, PPARa, and adiponectin mRNA expression levels (P<0. 05) and reduced IRS-1, GSK-3β, ACC, and FAS mRNA expression levels (P<0. 01). Conclusions In IR-3T3-L1 cells, CYPS can reduce oxidative stress, control lipid metabolism disorders, and enhance DEX-induced glucose intake. AMPK-PI3K/ Akt signaling pathway-associated genes may be connected to the process.

Abstract: Objective A comparison of different routes for the administration of clodronate disodium liposomes to determine the most effective method of rat endometrial macrophage clearance. Methods Female 8-week-old SD rats were randomly divided into a unilateral control group ( injected with 100 μL PBS liposomes into the left uterine cavity),unilateral clearance group (injected with 100 μL clodronate liposomes into the right uterine cavity), bilateral control group (injected with 100 μL PBS liposomes into the bilateral intrauterine), bilateral clearance group ( injected with 100 μL clodronate liposomes into the bilateral intrauterine), whole-body control group ( injected with 500 μL PBS liposomes into the caudal vein), and whole-body clearance group ( injected with 500 μL clodronate liposomes into the caudal vein).Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the morphology and structures of uterine and ovarian tissues, immunohistochemistry was used to observe the presence of macrophages in uterine and ovarian tissues, and flow cytometry was used to detect changes to macrophage cell counts in uterine and ovarian tissues. Results There were no significant differences in the structures or morphology of the uterus and ovary among the groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that, compared to the control group, the unilateral and bilateral uterine clearance groups ’ population of uterine macrophages was significantly decreased (P<0. 001), but there was no difference in the accumulation of macrophages in the ovary ( P>0. 05). The number of macrophages in both uterine and ovarian tissues decreased in the whole-body clearance group ( P<0. 01, P<0. 01). Compared with the unilateral and bilateral clearance groups, the whole-body clearance group had more macrophages in the ovarian tissues (P<0. 05). Flow cytometry showed that, compared with the control group, each clearance group’ s percentages of macrophages in the uterine tissue were significantly reduced ( P<0. 001, P<0. 001, P<0. 05). Compared to the whole-body clearance group, the unilateral and bilateral clearance groups’ endometrial macrophages had superior clearance activity (P<0. 05, P<0. 05). In addition, the number of macrophages in ovarian tissue decreased in all clearance groups compared to the control group. The decrease in macrophage number was most pronounced in the whole-body clearance group (P<0. 05), and there was no significant difference in numbers between the unilateral and bilateral clearance groups and the control group (P>0. 05). Conclusions Local injection of clodronate liposomes was more effective than caudal injection for clearing uterine macrophages, and the impact on ovarian macrophages was largely avoided. Thus local clodronate liposome injection is an improved method for establishing a local uterine macrophage clearance model.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the optimal digestion method for the preparation of single-cell suspensions from mouse small intestinal lamina propria. Methods Ten mouse small intestines of uniform length were collected and randomly divided into two groups. Each group was used to prepare lamina propria single-cell suspensions by enzymatic digestion with collagenase A or collagenase VIII. We compared the effects of these two enzymatic digestion method on the cell yield, cell activity, and cell surface antigens of the single-cell suspensions. Single-cell suspensions prepared by the superior enzymatic digestion method were then subjected to flow cytometry assay. Results Compared to collagenase-VIIIbased enzymatic digestion, collagenase-A-based digestion result ed in a higher cell yield (9. 48±1. 10) ×10⁹ vs (4. 18±1.02)×10⁹ and higher proportions of live cells ( 86. 36± 3. 32)% vs ( 61. 62± 10. 93)%, active CD45 ⁺ cells ( 57. 19±5. 11)% vs ( 26. 01 ± 11. 44)%, active CD3 ⁺ cells ( 8. 73 ± 2. 89)% vs ( 4. 52 ± 2. 49)%, active CD4 ⁺ cells ( 6. 19 ±2. 09)% vs (3. 22±1. 91)%, and active B220 ⁺ cells (15. 06±4. 27)% vs (5. 07±2. 20)%, providing high-quality cells for subsequent flow assays. Conclusions The collagenase A-based enzymatic digestion method is more suitable for the preparation of single-cell suspensions from the lamina propria of mouse small intestines.

Abstract: Objective A neuroblastoma (NB) liver transplantation model was established and compared with the adrenal orthotopic transplantation model to explore its characteristics. Methods 5 × 10⁵ SK-N-SH cells were implanted along the long axis of the left lobe of mouse livers with a micro-injection needle. The growth, metastasis, expression of related genes, and histopathological changes of tumors were detected after the modeling. Results The tumor formation rate in mice inoculated with tumor cells reached 100% after 21 days, and tumor growth, metastasis, related gene expression changes, and pathological characteristics were apparent. Conclusions In this study, a neuroblastoma liver transplantation model was successfully constructed via a relatively simple surgical method to provide a more suitable choice for future scientific NB experiments.

Abstract:Medical and pharmaceutical research laboratories encompass a wide range of study areas. They utilize diverse materials ranging from animals and microorganisms to nanoparticles and other substances. However, as laboratory waste increases, more biosafety risks are created. In this context, we outlined the safety risks associated with gene amplification, gene recombination, research involving pathogenic microorganisms, nanotechnology, animal experiments, genetically modified animals, and experimental waste. Additionally, we here in propose preventive measures to mitigate laboratory biosafety risks. These measures primarily involve the development of strict legal frameworks, improvement of hardware infrastructure, strengthening of safety awareness, and enhancement of education and training programs.

Abstract:Neural loops are formed by interconnections between neurons through synaptic structures, which are the basic units of information transmission and processing in the brain and play an important role in the regulation of neural functions. After stroke, neural connections between the infarct and peri-infarct regions and the remote area are damaged, resulting in patients being at risk of neurological dysfunction or even disability. However, with advances in detection technology, an increasing number of studies are demonstrating that patients with stroke can undergo some functional recovery during the chronic phase, possibly via a mechanism related to the re-establishment of synaptic connections and neural circuits. Therefore, the development of specific technology to identify and manipulate neuronal activity patterns, as well as the use of high-resolution temporal and spatial imaging strategies to decipher these neurological processes, will allow us to understand the whole-brain network dynamics of stroke recovery and the mechanisms by which neural loop reestablishment occurs. Furthermore, we may be able to neurobiologically comprehend the closed-loop mechanisms that underlie the development of stroke pathology and their relationship to behavioral outcomes. Current technologies used for studying neural circuits include optogenetics, chemical genetics, in vivo calcium imaging, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. This article introduces the working principles of these four major technologies and focuses on summarizing the result of their respective application in resolving neural remodeling after stroke. We briefly analyze the application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages, and future development trends of each technique. This paper will help clinical and basic researchers to use these technologies to discover new therapeutic strategies and evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation strategies.

Abstract:Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii infection, which is widespread in nature.Animal models are important to study the etiology and pathogenesis of infectious diseases and evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines. In recent years, various animal models, such as invertebrates, rodents, and non-human primates, have been used to study Q fever. This article summarizes the research status of Q fever animal models, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these models, and summarizes the requirements and standards of future modeling studies.

Abstract:Ischemic stroke (IS) presents a complex pathogenesis that poses numerous challenges in its treatment and rehabilitation. Acupuncture, a traditional Chinese medicine treatment, has garnered widespread attention for its effectiveness in treating IS, particularly its regulation of ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a type of cell death dependent on iron and lipid peroxidation and is closely linked to neurological impairment following IS. This article reviews the primary mechanisms of ferroptosis post-IS, emphasizing the interconnections among iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial damage, and ferroptosis. It further explores the mechanisms behind the ability of acupuncture to regulate ferroptosis after IS, including its roles in enhancing mitochondrial function, modulating iron metabolism, alleviating oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory responses, and influencing various ferroptosis signaling pathways. This paper aims to provide a review of the scientific evidence and theoretical support for comprehensive therapeutic strategies for IS

Abstract:Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury ( MIRI) has become one of the most serious complications affecting the clinical outcome of patients with cardiovascular diseases. The immune inflammatory response of macrophages is closely related to the occurrence and development of MIRI. Many studies have shown that the NF-κB signaling pathway can participate in MIRI regulation by influencing the polarization and inflammatory state of macrophages, pyrodeath, infiltration and other functions, and is a potential target for MIRI therapy. Therefore, this article will review the research progress of NF-κB signaling pathway between macrophage function and MIRI regulation.

Abstract:The effect and mechanism of chronic stress on psychosomatic diseases are important topics in stress research. The establishment of animal models to simulate human chronic stress is of great significance to investigations of stress responses, the pathogenesis of related diseases, clinical treatment, and drug development. In this paper, animal models of chronic stress commonly used in China and abroad are reviewed; the classification of stressors, animal selection,model construction, pathological manifestations, and evaluation indexes are summarized; and the advantages and disadvantages and application of various models are discussed. The paper provides a reference for the study and selection of models of chronic stress response.

Abstract:Alzheimer’ s disease ( AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by widespread dementia.Despite the extensive research conducted on the pathogenesis of AD over the past 50 years, the underlying mechanisms responsible for AD-related cellular damage and cognitive impairment remain elusive. Multiple studies have confirmed alterations in the glucose metabolism patterns occur within the nerve cells of individuals with AD. This metabolic transition plays a crucial role in cell survival and disease progression, occurring decades before pathological changes and cognitive dysfunction even manifest. This article provides an overview of the potential mechanisms through which glucose metabolism reprogramming contributes to AD development in various types of nerve cells and brain regions, as well as the implication of their interplay. We aim to establish a foundation for further investigations into AD while offering insights and ideas for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Abstract:Research on the mechanisms of depression is currently a focus of the field of neuroscience. The degeneration of brain plasticity ( e. g. , decrease in volume, structural degradation, and functional disorder of the hippocampus, PFC, and CG) leads to depression. Exercise is an important means of improving the symptoms of depression. Current research confirms the importance of improving the volume, structure, and function of the hippocampus,PFC, and CG, in this process, but related research has focused solely on changes to the volume of certain brain regions or connectivity functions. Thus, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the antidepressant mechanisms that improve brain plasticity with exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the roles of brain plasticity in the occurrence of depression and improvements to depression through exercise, promoting a more comprehensive understanding the role of brain plasticity in depression. We also provide new ideas for exercise intervention in depression.