Abstract: Objective To explore the analgesic initiation mechanism of three-manipulation and three-acupoint tuina in model rats with minor chronic constriction injury (CCI). Methods Fifty-six SD rats were divided randomly into eight groups: normal group, sham group, model 1 group, model 2 group, tuina 1 group, tuina 2 group, tuina 1 + transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) antagonist group, and tuina 2 + transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) antagonist group. The model, tuina, and tuina + antagonist groups were established with minor CCI models. The tuina and tuina + antagonist groups received the three-method three-point intervention ( point method, dial method, kneading method, Yinmen point, Chengshan point, Yanglingquan point) 7 days after modeling. The model and sham groups were subjected to grasping restraint, and the normal group received no intervention. After the respective interventions, each group was tested for changes in mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) to detect different types of pain. The nitric oxide (NO) content of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was determined by the nitrate reductase method, and changes in protein and gene expression levels of components of the TRPV1 / TRPA1-NO-cGMPprotein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway in the DRG of each group were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, and qPCR. Results Compared with the model group, MWT and TWL were prolonged in the tuina 1 and tuina 2 groups. Expression levels of TRPV1, TRPA1, NO, soluble guanylate cyclase-β, cGMP, and PKG1 in the DRG were significantly decreased in the tuina 1, tuina 2, tuina 1 + TRPV1 antagonist, and tuina 2 + TRPA1 antagonist groups. Conclusions Tuina can effectively improve the symptoms of thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia caused by peripheral nerve injury after one-time intervention. Tuina can exert immediate and continuous analgesic effects via the TRPV1 / TRPA1-NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway.

Abstract: Objective To explore the mechanism of Gualou Xiebai Baijiu Decoction ( GXB) in improving atherosclerosis (AS) in mice by regulating the gut microbiota ( GM) and its metabolites. Methods Thirty-two male ApoE^{- / -} mice were divided randomly into a Blank group, Model group, atorvastatin (Ato) group, and GXB group (n= 8mice per group). AS was established in all mice, except the Blank group, and the respective treatments were administered by gavage. Aortic plaques were detected by Oil red O staining and pathological changes in aortic tissue were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The GM was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, and mouse GM metabolites, including trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids ( SCFA), and serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and nitric oxide (NO) were determined. Results Compared with the Blank group, mice in the Model and Ato groups showed an increase in AS plaque area (P<0. 05). Serum levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C were increased (P<0. 001) while levels of HDL-C and NO were decreased (P<0. 01, P<0. 001) in the Model group compared with the Blank group. The plaque area was decreased (P<0. 05), serum levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C were decreased (P<0. 001), and NO levels were increased (P<0. 01) in the Ato and GXB groups, while HDL-C levels were increased in the GXB group (P<0. 05) compared with the Model group. Plaque area was decreased (P<0. 05) and the NO level was increased (P<0. 01) in the GXB group compared with the Ato group. A total of 6345 characteristic sequences were obtained from 16S rRNA analysis.α-Diversity analysis indicated that GXB reduced the richness of the GM in AS mice ( P < 0. 001) and improved its uniformity (P<0. 05). β-Diversity analysis suggested that the microbial community structure in the GXB group was similar to that in the Blank group. The abundance of microbial communities differed among the groups at the phylum and genus levels. At the phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria was increased (P<0. 01) in AS mice, while GXB intervention reduced the abundance of Proteobacteria (P<0. 01) and increased the abundance of Verrucomimicrobiota (P<0. 05). At the genus level, GXB effectively increased the abundance of Akkermansia (P<0. 05). SCFAs were significantly increased (P<0. 01) and TMAO levels were significantly decreased (P<0. 01) in the GXB group compared with the Model group. Conclusions GXB can regulate the intestinal flora and intestinal flora metabolites SCFA and TMAO to improve AS.Akkermansia may be a key bacterial genus of the gut microbiota through which GXB may improve AS.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the mechanism of Sanguisorbae Radix ( SR) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis ( UC). Methods Using the GSE92415 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we analyzed differentially expressed genes and carried out weighted gene correlation network analysis and FerrDb analysis. Core genes were identified through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and correlation analysis. UC mouse model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was constructed and treated with SR via intragastric administration for 9 days. Disease activity index (DAI) and colon length were recorded. Pathological changes in colon tissue were observed using the HE staining. Levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α) and interleukin-6 ( IL-6) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lipid peroxidantion factors such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were detected using biochemical test kits. Protein expression levels of zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) tight junction protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SCL7A11), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) were examined by Western blot or immunofluorescence labeling. Results Nine differentially expressed genes associated with ferroptosis were screened and PPARG was identified as a key gene. Correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between PPARG and ferroptosis. Subsequently, the potential mechanism of SR in improving UC in mice was discussed according to the bioinformatics screening Results. The experimental Results demonstrated that SR significantly reduced the DAI, prevented colon shortening and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function in the colon. SR decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels, MDA content and GSH levels in colon tissues.SR also enhanced the expression of PPARG, SLC7A11 and GPX4, which reversed the effect of DSS in mice with colitis. Conclusions Ferroptosis is closely related to UC. SR can inhibit ferroptosis by regulating PPARG and SCL7A11 / GPX4 expression, thereby improving colon epithelial injury and dysfunction in UC mice. This provides ideas and directions for UC treatment strategies.

Abstract: Objective To study the impact of a Western diet-type feed on biological indicators and histopathology in APOE^{- / -} mice. Methods Forty-eight female and 48 male APOE^{- / -} mice, and 48 female and 48 male C57BL/ 6J mice were divided into eight breeding groups: APOE^{- / -} breeding feed group, APOE^{- / -} Western dietary feed group, C57BL/ 6J breeding feed group, and C57BL/ 6J Western dietary feed group (24 male and 24 female mice per group). Mice were fed the respective diets from 3 weeks until the end of the experiment at 20 weeks. After the experiment, serum was collected for measurement of biochemical indicators. Aortas were removed for oil red O staining and gross examination and the aorta root was paraffin sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results A Western diet did not significantly increase body weight in APOE^{- / -} mice, but did significantly improve the blood lipid index and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein,and high-density lipoprotein levels, and promoted the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Male mice were suitable for modeling gross aortic plaques while female mice were suitable for modeling aortic arch root plaques. Conclusions A Western diet can promote atherosclerosis in APOE^{- / -} mice, increase the aortic plaque area ratio, shorten modeling time,and improve modeling uniformity.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the targeting of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) expression by Ranbinding protein 9 (RANBP9) and its effect on colorectal cancer Colo320 cell apoptosis. Methods Gene expression levels of RANBP9 were analyzed in 625 colon cancer tissues and 20 normal colon tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas database.The relationship between RANBP9 expression and survival time of patients with colon cancer was analyzed using KMPLOT.The expression of TGF-β1 in normal colon tissues and colon cancer tissues was analyzed using the human protein immunohistochemistry database and the relationship between TGF-β1 expression and the survival of patients with colon cancer was analyzed using the UALCAN database. The relationship between RANBP9 and TGF-β1 was analyzed by dual luciferase experiments. Colo320 cells were transfected with pcDNA3. 1-GFP-RANBP9 and control pcDNA3. 1-GFPRANBP9-NC plasmids, respectively, and normal control cells were established without transfection. The cells were cultured and the growth viability of each group of cells was detected by the iazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method,apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, the mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 staining, and RANBP9 and TGF-β1 protein expression were detected by Western blot. Results RANBP9 expression was significantly reduced in colon cancer tissues. Compared with patients with low RANBP9 expression, patients with high RANBP9 expression had a higher survival curve and significantly higher expression of TGF-β1 in colon cancer tissue. Compared with patients with high TGF-β1 expression, patients with low TGF-β1 expression had a significantly higher survival curve (P<0. 05). RANBP9 targeted the expression of TGF-β1 in colon cancer. Compared with the normal group, cell growth, mitochondrial membrane potential, and TGF-β1 expression were all significantly down-regulated and the apoptosis rate and RANBP9 expression were significantly increased in the experiment group (P<0. 05). Conclusions RANBP9 can target the expression of TGF-β1, promote the growth of Colo320 colon cancer cells, decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential, and induce apoptosis.

Abstract: Objective To screen the active antidiarrheal components of salt-processed Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus-Foeniculi Fructus medicines (YZYH) and investigate its pharmacological basis and quality markers by examining its “spectrum-effect” relationship. Methods A spleen and kidney yang deficiency model of diarrhea was established in rats. The pharmacodynamic indexes of YZYH in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and water fractions were measured,including behavioral indicators such as body weight, anal temperature, diarrhea incubation period (DIP), diarrhea index (DI), and biochemical indicators such as nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cGMP, and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK).We analyzed the components of YZYH by high performance liquid chromatography, and analyzed the “ spectrum-effect”relationship between the chemical components and the antidiarrheal efficacy indicators using the grey correlation method. Results Compared with the blank control group, rats in the model group developed watery stools after 15 days, which was the key pathological index of the main syndrome of diarrhea. Rats in the model group also developed abdominal distension,loss of appetite, and back arching, as secondary symptoms of spleen and kidney yang deficiency diarrhea. Administration of the therapeutic drugs improved both the main and secondary symptoms of diarrhea. The positive drug and YZYH-M significantly prolonged DIP (P<0. 01) and decreased DI (P<0. 01) after 28 days. These key indexes of diarrhea, as well as body mass, 24 h food intake, water intake, anal temperature, and the serum biochemical indexes NOS, cGMP, CPK were all improved in the positive drug and YZYH-M groups. Examination of the spectral effect relationship showed that anisaldehyde, chromatographic peak 4, and other components were correlated with the pharmacodynamic indexes of DIP,DI, NOS, cGMP, and CPK. Conclusions The ethyl acetate fraction was the active antidiarrheal fraction of salt-processed Alpiniae oxyphyllae Fructus-Foeniculi Fructus medicines. It acts by inhibiting gastrointestinal hyperfunction, regulating energy metabolism and immunity. Ingredients such as anisaldehyde and peak 4 served as quality indicators for its antidiarrheal effect.

Abstract: Objective To create a mouse model of colorectal polyps with Apc-Kras-Cre gene mutations using the tamoxifen induction method. Methods Mice with Apc-Kras-Cre mutations were divided into four groups and injected intraperitoneally with different concentrations and dosages of tamoxifen for different durations, with group 1 injected with low dosage tamoxifen (5 mg / kg) for 1 day, group 2 injected with low dosage tamoxifen (5 mg / kg) for 3 days, group 3 injected with high dosage tamoxifen (50 mg / kg) for 1 day, group 4 injected with high dosage tamoxifen (50 mg / kg) for 3 days.C57BL/ 6J mice were used as a healthy control group and survival and changes in body weight were observed. All mice were euthanized 4 weeks post-tamoxifen induction and the colon length and number and size of intestinal polyps were observed.Histological changes in the intestinal tissue and polyps were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results The survival rate of male mice was higher (P<0. 001) and the morbidity rate of male mice was lower compared with female mice (P<0. 05). The survival rate differed significantly among the four groups (P<0. 01). All groups showed significant changes in body weight compared with the healthy control group (P<0. 001). There were also significant differences in weight changes between tamoxifen-induced groups 1 and 2, between groups 2 and 3, and between groups 1 and 4 (P<0. 001, P<0. 01, P<0. 05, respectively). There were no significant differences in colon length between any treated group and the healthy control group (P>0. 05), but colon length did differ between tamoxifen-induced groups 1 and 3 ( P<0. 05). Polyp size varied in each group of tamoxifen-treated mice, with most polyps occuring at the distal end of the colon,while mice in groups 3 and 4 had more and larger polyps. Histopathological examination showed intestinal polyps with uneven and misaligned glandular and epithelial arrangements, a loosely-packed intestinal mucosal barrier, and irregularlydistributed crypts in tamoxifen-induced mice compared with the healthy control group, while mice in tamoxifen-induced groups 3 and 4 showed signs of inflammation and mice in group 4 showed necrosis of cells in some regions. Conclusions Tamoxifen-induced Apc-Kras-Cre model mice were successfully established, with the group 3 induction method being the most suitable.

Abstract: Objective To compare the effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable stress-induced rats. Methods Seventy male SPF grade SD rats were tested for sugar and water preference after 5 days of adaptation and divided into seven groups according to their preference index: a control group, model group, fluoxetine hydrochloride group, ginsenoside Rg1 24 mg / kg group, ginsenoside Rg1 48 mg / kg group,ginsenoside Rb1 33 mg / kg group, and ginsenoside Rb1 67 mg / kg group. All rats, except for the control group, were subjected randomly to one or two different stimulating factors every day for a total of 35 days. On the 36th day, behavioral experiments including sugar and water preference, open field, novel environment feeding inhibition, elevated cross maze,and forced swimming experiments were conducted to investigate the anti-depression and anti-anxiety effects of the treatments. Serum and hippocampal levels of interleukin ( IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor ( TNF)-α and serum corticosterone were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with the model group, ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 significantly increased sucrose consumption in the sucrose preference test and decreased immobility in the forced swimming test. Ginsenoside Rg1 ( 48 mg / kg) significantly reduced the latency to eat in the novelty-suppressed feeding test, and ginsenoside Rg1 (24 and 48 mg / kg) significantly increased the percentage of open arm entries and time in the elevated cross maze test. Serum corticosterone levels were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 groups, serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rg1 ( 48mg / kg) group, serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rb1 (33 mg / kg) group, and IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the hippocampus were significantly decreased in the ginsenoside Rg1 (48 mg / kg) and Rb1 (67 mg / kg) groups. Conclusions Both ginsenosides can regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and inhibit neuroinflammation, improving depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in rats induced by chronic unpredictable stress. Ginsenoside Rg1 has a significantly better anti-anxiety effect than Rb1.

Abstract: Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a 1470 nm semiconductor laser therapeutic instrument (referred to as a curestar therapeutic instrument) for prostatectomy in Beagle dogs. Methods Twenty-eight adult male Beagle dogs were randomly divided into three groups: sham ( n = 3), experimental ( n = 15), and control ( n = 10). The experimental group was further divided into three subgroups: 120 W/ 50 W, 150 W/ 50 W, and 160 W/ 50 W for vaporization cutting / coagulation hemostasis. The control group was divided into two subgroups: 120 W/ 50 W and 150 W/50 W with five in each subgroup. Experimental and control groups underwent canine prostatectomy through the entrance of the bladder neck under electrocision. The operational suitability and effectiveness of the product during surgery were assessed. After the operation, the general condition of the dogs was observed, and blood biochemical and hematological indicators were measured before, immediately after, and at 3, 7, and 28 days after the operation. At 1 h and 4 weeks after surgery, B-ultrasound and electric resection were performed under anesthesia to observe the conditions of the urethra and prostate, and prostatic tissue was subjected to HE staining for pathological observations. The thickness of the coagulation layer at 1 h after the operation and repair of the urothelial epithelium at 4 weeks were analyzed. Results During the operation, experimental and control groups had good operability and showed good vaporization cutting and coagulation hemostasis performance. After the operation, no significant effects were observed on the general condition, and blood biochemical and hematological indicators of the dogs. Ultrasound showed that the urethral expansion was visible immediately after the operation, and the echo of the urethral epithelium was slightly enhanced. At 4 weeks, the prostate tissue had a slightly low echo with uniformly distributed small point-like echoes inside, and the capsule had a linearly high echo, consistent with the sham group. The weight of the vaporized prostate tissue in experimental and control groups was 0. 91 ~1. 33 g with a resection rate of 17. 11% ~ 20. 27 %. As the power of vaporization cutting increased, the laser emission time gradually decreased, while the vaporization cutting speed and efficiency both increased. However, no significant difference was found between experimental and control groups ( P>0. 05). Under the electrocision microscope, a burn-like change was observed in the surgical wounds of the prostate urethra in experimental and control groups at 1 h after surgery, and the boundary between the wound and normal urothelium was visible. At 4 weeks, the urothelium of the prostate had been repaired and flattened, and the boundary with the surrounding normal urothelium was blurred. Similarly, pathological observations showed that experimental and control groups had significant damage to the prostate urethral orifice at 1 h after surgery with a small amount of carbonization and coagulative necrosis on the surface of the wound, a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration, and a coagulation layer thickness of approximately 0. 4 mm. At 4 weeks, the prostate urethral morphology of the sham group was normal, whereas experimental and control groups showed new epithelial growth covering the wound with a uniform thickness and no coagulative necrosis tissue attached to the wound. A mild inflammatory reaction was still present in the surrounding area, fibroblast proliferation was obvious, and stromal and epithelial cell proliferation was visible in the surrounding prostate, some of which showed squamous metaplasia. The prostate capsule was intact and the morphology of the surrounding nerves and blood vessels was normal. Conclusions The curestar therapy instrument is effective for prostatectomy in Beagle dogs with good vaporization cutting and coagulation hemostasis performance. No significant difference was found in postoperative physiological indicators compared with the sham group.

Abstract: Objective To introduce and enhance an experimental technique for intraventricular drug delivery via an implantable osmotic pump. Methods Eight-week-old male SD rats were selected and the requisite equipment and reagents were prepared. The osmotic pump was assembled and brought to operational status before conducting the implantation surgery. Following anesthesia, the rats underwent skin preparation and the upper surface of the skull was surgically exposed. A point directly above the ventricle was located using a brain stereotaxic apparatus, and a small hole was drilled at that location with a high-speed cranial drill. The pump body was then implanted subcutaneously in the neck and the needle was inserted into the drilled hole, and secured with dental cement. Once solidified, the needle base was removed, the subcutaneous soft tissue and scalp were sutured in layers, and the animal was returned to its cage for rearing in isolation. Results The osmotic pump was successfully implanted subcutaneously in the rat’ s neck, the needle was securely fixed to the skull, and the catheter interface remained intact. The rats were sacrificed and the brain tissue was removed. Examination of the extracted brain tissue revealed no significant hematoma around the puncture site or needle tract, and the presence of blue dye in the ventricular and adjacent tissues indicated successful drug delivery to the ventricle. Conclusions The introduction of a brain stereotaxic apparatus to aid localization, coupled with enhancements to the operational procedure, may improve the accuracy and safety of the implantation process resulting in a high success rate for intraventricular drug administration.

Abstract:The animal laboratory of pharmaceutical and biological product inspection and testing institutions undertakes important basic support tasks for testing and scientific research work. This article summarizes the managemen experience accumulated in the operation of our institution’ s CNAS-CL06 quality management system, providing reference for similar institutions in operation to ensure the scientific nature of animal experimental data. In order to ensure the scientific nature of animal experimental data, the experimental animal institution has successfully passed the CNAS accreditation of the experimental animal institution, and has completed rectification on time during on-site supervision and evaluation. At the same time, regular self inspections of the system have been carried out in accordance with the “Quality and Capability Accreditation Guidelines for Experimental Animal Breeding and Use Institutions” (CNAS-CL06). During the self inspection process, we examined issues while improving the content of the system. Starting from animal procurement, occupational health and safety, animal disease treatment and care, and facility operation emergency drills,we enriched the content of the quality management system, ensured the continuous and effective operation of the system,and ensured the effectiveness and standardization of animal experiment data. At the same time, we contributed to themanagement ideas of our institution in sharing animal experiment platforms, provide hardware and software support for the construction of cloud platforms for animal experiments. This article aims to explore and form a quality management model for the experimental animal industry based on practical work, being focused in the standardization strategy, continue to deepen the reform of standardization work, and give full play to the basic and strategic role of standardization in the modernization of the animal experiments system.

Abstract:Ferroptosis is a newly cell death mode discovered in recent years, involving in a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as ischemia reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases and tumors, etc. At present,there is a lack of effective method to prevent and treat ischemic stroke worldwide, and ferroptosis which is involved in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. 50 articles were included in this paper after searching the related literature, which published in databases such as PubMed, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI in recent years. Discussing the iron metabolism and the concept, mechanism and regulation of ferroptosis, the role of ferroptosis in the mechanism of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, and the method of inhibiting ferroptosis, this paper attempts to provide reference for finding a new potential treatment for ischemic stroke from the direction of inhibiting ferroptosis.

Abstract:Digestive tract tumors are currently one of the most common types of cancer, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. Their prognoses are poor and the treatments require further improvement. Caveolin-1 (CAV1) has a dual regulatory effect on digestive tract tumors as a tumor suppressor and cancer promoter. CAV1 plays a major role in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis,and drug tolerance of digestive tract tumors. The regulation of CAV1 protein and its related signaling pathways may be a strategy for the treatment of digestive tract tumors. This review analyzes the relationship between CAV1 and digestive tract tumors in terms of structure, function, expression regulation, regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance in digestive tract tumors to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of digestive tract tumors.

Abstract:Mitochondria-associated membranes ( MAMs ) are a subcellular compartment involved in the communication and material exchange between the mitochondrial outer membrane and endoplasmic reticulum membrane.MAMs perform various biological processes in cells under different conditions. MAM-dysfunction-mediated calcium homeostasis imbalance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitophagy defects, mitochondrial fission / fusion dynamics imbalance, lipid metabolism disorders, and inflammatory responses are key pathogenic factors in Alzheimer’ s disease (AD). This article reviews the structure and function of MAMs, their involvement in AD pathology, and drug intervention targets, and discusses the role of MAMs in the pathogenesis of AD and the latest research into their mechanisms, to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of AD.

Abstract:Chronic lung diseases (CLD) include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Studies have shown that CLD are closely related to disorders in lipid metabolism. Therefore, lipids, as biomarkers of CLD, may be of great value in the diagnosis, prevention, and monitoring of disease treatment. This review discusses lipidomics from four major aspects: the technical Methods of lipidomics, the selection of clinical samples for lipidomics, the discovery of biomarkers for CLD, and the differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes from CLD.

Abstract:MiR-138-5p is a microRNA that plays an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.MiR-138-5p regulates various biological processes, including inflammation, cell apoptosis and proliferation, and matrix degradation in osteoarthritis, by modulating signaling pathways including nuclear factor-κB, Wnt / β-catenin, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase / AKT. This review summarizes the research progress regarding the mechanism of miR-138-5p in osteoarthritis.

Abstract:The ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM) protein family plays a pivotal role in cell morphology, migration,and signal transduction. Ezrin, as a prominent member of this family, is highly involved in these processes. Ezrin phosphorylation is particularly crucial, by regulating the interaction between ezrin and the actin cytoskeleton. This interaction is a key mediator of cytotoxicity in host cells infected with Helicobacter pylori, significantly impacting cell morphology. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the multifaceted role of ezrin protein in H. pylori-induced nodular gastritis. We consider the relationships between ezrin ’ s structure, function, signaling pathways, and phosphorylation in the context of nodular gastritis. Moreover, this review highlights the role of ezrin protein as a potential therapeutic target, offering novel insights for the prevention and treatment of nodular gastritis.

Abstract:Chemotherapy resistance in leukemia is an urgent clinical therapeutic challenge. Ferroptosis is a unique mode of cell death driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation. Leukemia is characterized by increased oxidative stress and iron overload, suggesting that leukemia cells might be susceptible to ferroptosis and indicating a possible therapeutic approach. Ferroptosis has been extensively studied in recent years and used in the treatment of various types of leukemia. Several studies have demonstrated an association between the regulatory pathways of ferroptosis and the mechanisms of leukemia drug resistance. The induction of ferroptosis through different pathways can effectively reduce the resistance of various types of leukemia cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, and thus improve their clinical efficacy. In this article, we review the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and analyze the association between oxidative stress and iron metabolism pathways of ferroptosis and the mechanism of leukemia drug resistance. We also summarize the experimental studies and clinical applications of ferroptosis for the treatment of various types of drug-resistant leukemias, with the aim of providing new ideas and directions for the study of ferroptosis and a new strategy to reverse chemotherapy resistance in patients with leukemia in the future.

Abstract:Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor with biliary epithelial features. The early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma is currently difficult and the treatment outcomes are poor. Its microenvironment includes abundant fibrotic mesenchyme and a variety of cell types, which promote the development and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma by interacting with tumor cells through mechanisms such as facilitating migration, suppressing the immune response, and inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Immunotherapy is an important tumor treatment approach, and immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma has made some progress. This article reviews the characteristics of the immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma, its relationship with immunotherapy, and cutting-edge therapeutic strategies.

Abstract:Ferroptosis is a newly discovered mode of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of intracellular iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Current research has mainly focused on the role of ferroptosis in the field of cancer, but increasing evidence shows that ferroptosis is also related to the occurrence of infectious diseases. Ferroptosis has accordingly been detected in cases of COVID-19, tuberculosis, and cryptococcal meningitis, as well as other diseases.This article reviews the role of ferroptosis in infectious diseases, to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of ferroptosis-related infectious disease