Abstract: Objective 　The present study aimed to observe the changes in Aβ deposition and estrogen receptor levels in the hippocampal tissue of female APP/PS1 mice with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) after receiving an ovariectomy at different ages. Methods　3-month-old APP/PS1 female mice were divided into three groups, with 20 mice in each group. Ten mice were treated with bilateral ovarian resection via abdominal surgery as the model (ovx)group. The 10 mice in the control (sham) group underwent surgery in which an equivalent volume fat was removed from the corresponding area. After 3, 4, and 5 months, APP/PS1 mice were assigned to 6-, 7-, and 8-month age groups. The cognitive function of the APP/PS1 mice of different ages was evaluated using the Morris water maze. Morphological changes to intracellular organelles in the CA1 area of the hippocampus of the two groups of mice were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the deposition of Aβ in the CA1 area of the hippocampus of the two groups of mice. ELISA was used to detect the levels and contents of serum estrogen, ROS, SOD, and MDA, and Western blot was used to determine the expression levels of ERα and ERβ. Results　As the ovx group mice increased in age, their escape latency in the water maze test gradually lengthened, the deposition of Aβ in the hippocampal CA1 area increased, the mitochondrial swelling of hippocampal neurons increased, and larger amounts of lipofuscin and amyloid deposition were observed in the cytoplasm. Their serum E2 levels and SOD activity decreased, while their ROS levels and MDA contents increased, and the expression of ERα and ERβ in the hippocampal tissue decreased. Conclusions　Ovariectomy in mice with low estrogen status may exacerbate hippocampal Aβ deposition and age-dependent cognitive decline.

Abstract: Objective 　To observe the effects of ice-water swimming on pathological changes in model gouty rats, and investigate the relevant regulatory mechanism of the purinergic P2X7R receptor. Methods　Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal(NORM) and experimental groups including gouty control(GC), ice-water swimming(IWS), and Brilliant Blue G (BBG, a P2X7R inhibitor) groups. Rats in the experimental groups were modeled to simulate hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis by inhibiting uric acid metabolism combined with the Coderre method. Rats in the ice water swimming group were treated with 5 min of endurance swimming in an ice-water mixture at a depth of about 0.5 m for 0 h and 12 h after modeling by the Coderre method, while rats in the BBG group were injected intraperitoneally with BBG solution once after modeling. Ankle swelling index was calculated using a formula. Serum uric acid levels were detected by uricase assay, and serum levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αwere detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The pathological status of the ankle joints was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. P2X7R and NLRP3 protein expression levels in synovial tissue were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results　Serum uric acid levels and the ankle joint swelling index were significantly higher in the experimental groups compared with the normal group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the synovial tissues showed different degrees of inflammatory infiltration. The ankle swelling index was significantly higher in the ice water swimming group compared with the gouty control group at 12h (P<0.05). Serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (P<0.01) and P2X7R and NLRP3 protein levels in synovial tissues were all significantly elevated (P<0.05). Histopathology showed that the cartilage surface was broken and the synovial tissue showed severe hyperplasia and erosion, accompanied by numerous inflammatory cell aggregates. There were no significant changes in P2X7R or NLRP3 protein expression or pathology in synovial tissues in the BBG group compared with the gouty control group (P>0.05), but serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were all significantly suppressed (P<0.01). Conclusions　Cold stimulation and strenuous exercise simulated by ice-water swimming may exacerbate pathological damage in gouty arthritis via a mechanism related to high P2X7R expression in the joints.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the effect and mechanism of Houpu Sanwu decoction on subcutaneous tumors in C57BL/6J mice. Methods　Mouse colorectal cancer MC-38 cells were injected subcutaneously into C57BL/6J mice to establish a subcutaneous tumor model of colorectal cancer. The model mice were then divided randomly into model control, Houpu Sanwu decoction(HPSWD) low dose, HPSWD medium dose, HPSWD high dose, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and combination groups (5-FU+HPSWD medium dose) (n=6 mice per group). The mice were treated with normal saline and Houpu Sanwu decoction by gavage, or normal saline and 5-FU by intraperitoneal injection once a day for 24 consecutive days. During the intervention period, the mental state,diet, and other general conditions of the mice, as well as changes in tumor volume, were monitored regularly. At the end of the experiment, the subcutaneous tumors in each group were removed and weighed, and pathological features were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Transmission electron microscopy, Western blot, and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to identify exosomes derived from colorectal cancer tissues. Tumor mRNA and protein expression levels of Rab27a and the exosome markers CD63, TSG101, and ALIX were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Results　Houpu Sanwu decoction inhibited tumor growth in mice. Tumor growth was inhibited to varying degrees in all the HPSWD dose groups and in the combination group. The HPSWD medium does group showed the greatest anticancer effect, and the combination group showed a synergistic effect with 5-FU. Houpu Sanwu decoction induced tumor necrosis in a dose-dependent manner, with a similar anticancer effect to 5-FU. Houpu Sanwu decoction also inhibited the protein and mRNA expression levels of Rab27a and the exosome-specific markers CD63, ALIX, and TSG101 in mice. Conclusions　Houpu Sanwu decoction inhibits tumor growth and the secretion of exosomes, possibly by regulating Rab27a.

Abstract: Objective 　To compare the success rate and stability of rat pulmonary fibrosis (PF) models induced by intratracheal instillation of different doses of bleomycin (BLM). Methods　One hundred and fifty Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into control, low-dose BLM 3 mg/kg (BL-L), and high-dose BLM 5 mg/kg (BL-H) groups. General status, mortality, and weight changes were observed, and the lung inspiratory capacity (IC), vital capacity (VC), chord compliance (Cchord), and dynamic compliance (Cdyn) were detected on days 28, 42, 56, and 84. Lung coefficients were recorded and pathological changes in lung tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining. The lung hydroxyproline (HYP) content was detected and collagen type III (COL III) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results　The mortality rates in the BL-L and BL-H groups were 20% and 28%, respectively. Body weight was significantly lower in the BL-L group compared with the control group on days 0~56, and weight recovery after day 56. Body weight was significantly lower in the BL-H group compared with the control and BL-L groups from days 0~56 (P<0.01). Regarding lung function, IC, VC, Cchord, and Cdyn were significantly lower in the BL-L group compared with the control group on day 28 (P<0.01, P<0.05), and IC and Cdyn were significantly lower in the BL-H group (P< 0.01). IC, VC, and Cchord were significantly decreased in the BL-L group on day 42 (P<0.01, P<0.05), while IC, VC, Cchord, and Cdyn were significantly decreased in the BL-H group (P<0.01, P<0.05), and IC, VC, and Cchord were significantly lower compared with in the BL-L group (P<0.01). Cchord was significantly lower in the BL-H group compared with the control and BL-L groups on day 56 (P<0.01). The lung coefficients on day 28 were significantly higher in the BL-L and BL-H groups compared with the control group (P<0.01), and were significantly higher in the BL-H group from days 42~56 compared with the BL-L and control groups (P<0.01). Regarding lung histopathology and immunohistochemistry, inflammatory infiltration, fibrotic streaks, and COL III expression were observed in the BL-L group from days 28~56, and almost complete disappearance of the fibrotic lesions on day 84. In contrast, fibrotic lesions could be observed from days 28~84 in the BL-H group, with significantly elevated COL III expression compared with the control group (P<0.01). The HYP content was significantly higher in the BL-L group compared with the control group from days 28~42 (P<0.05, P<0.01), and then gradually decreased, and the HYP content was significantly higher in the BL-H group than in the control group from days 28~84 (P<0.01). Conclusions　Both 3 and 5 mg/kg BLM can successfully induce PF rat models. Rats treated with 3 mg/kg BLM developed fibrosis on day 28, which lasted until day 42 and then gradually recovered. Rats treated with 5 mg/kg BLM developed fibrosis on day 28, and the degree of fibrosis was more severe with the higher compared with the lower dose, with stablefibrotic lesions up to day 56 and moderate-to-severe fibrosis still present in half of the rats until day 84.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the regulatory effect of Fuling Xingren Gancao granules (FXG) on macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis (AS) model mice. Methods　ApoE^-/-mice were used to construct an AS model and RAW264.7 macrophages were used to construct a polarized cell model. The total area of aortic plaques and the degree of aortic stenosis were detected by Oil red O and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. Expression levels of the M1 polarization factors inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), as well as the M2 macrophage factors Arg-1, YM1, and CD206, and the phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) in vitro and in vivo were detected by polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Results　FXG significantly reduced the total area of aortic plaques in ApoE^-/-mice, decreased the expression levels of the M1 macrophage polarization factors iNOS and CCL2, and increased the expression levels of the M2 macrophage polarization factors Arg-1 and YM1 (P<0.05). STAT phosphorylation levels were decreased in the model mice and M1 macrophages, but were upregulated after FXG intervention (P<0.05). The STAT3 inhibitor Stattic partially eliminated the regulatory effect of FXG on iNOS and Arg-1 (P<0.05). Conclusions　FXG has an inhibitory effect on the progression of AS, via targeting STAT3 to regulate macrophage polarization.

Abstract: Objective 　To investigate the effect of Piezo1 activated by mechanical stress on knee osteoarthritis synovial fibrosis via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathway. Methods　Twenty-five Sprague Dawley rats were divided into blank, exercise, exercise+GsMTx4, exercise+PD98059, and exercise+GsMTx4+PD98059 groups (n=5 per group). After modeling, serum and synovial tissue were extracted and collagen deposition was evaluated by Sirius red and Masson staining. Expression levels of Piezo1, ERK1/2, phospho (p)-ERK1/2, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Collagen I, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were detected by Western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α contents were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For cell experiments, synovial cells were divided into blank, pull, pull+GsMTx4, pull+PD98059, and pull+GsMTx4+PD98059 groups and the above indices were detected in the model cells by Western blot, RT-qPCR, and other techniques. Results　Mechanical stress increased collagen deposition in synovial tissues in the rats, and increased the protein and mRNA expression levels of the pathway-related and fibrosis-specific indicators Piezo1, p-ERK/ERK, α-SMA, TGF-β, Collagen I, and TIMP-1 (P<0.05). Piezo1 expression was significantly down-regulated by both inhibitors (P<0.05), but the ERK inhibitor (PD98059) had no significant effect on Piezo1 gene expression. Levels of serum inflammatory factors were significantly higher in the exercise group compared with the blank group (P<0.05), and levels were significantly reduced by the inhibitors (P<0.05). The in vitro experiments showed the same trends as the animal experiments. Conclusions　The Piezo1 ion channel can sense mechanical stress and activate the ERK1/2 pathway to mediate knee synovial fibrosis.

Abstract: Objective 　To study the effect of Honokiol (HKL) on pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and its potential mechanism. Methods Mouse lung microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were cultured with DMEM+10%FBS in a six-well plate and divided into control (Con) group 1, Honokiol (HKL) group 1, LPS treated (LPS) group 1, and LPS+HKL treatment (HKL+LPS) group 1. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell lysates were determined by lipid peroxidation assay kit and H2DCF-DA, respectively. TUNEL/DAPI double staining was used to detect apoptosis. Cell junctions were visualized via VE-cadherin/DAPI and Claudin-5/DAPI double staining. Western blot was used to detect caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, Sirt3, SOD2, and acetylated SOD2 (Ac-SOD2) expression. Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into control (Con) group 2, Honokiol (HKL) group 2, LPS treated (LPS) group 2, and LPS+HKL treatment (HKL+LPS) group 2. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe pathological changes to the lung tissue. Results 　HKL pretreatment significantly reversed the LPS-induced increase in ROS and MDA levels(P<0.05), SOD2 acetylation and Sirt3 down-regulation(P<0.05). TUNEL and caspase analysis showed that HKL protected against the apoptosis of PMVECs induced by LPS. VE-cadherin fluorescence staining demonstrated that HKL pretreatment prevented LPS from disrupting cell adhesion junctions. Claudin-5 fluorescence staining showed that HKL pretreatment prevented LPS from disrupting the tight junctions between cells. In the animal experiments, HE staining showed that HKL significantly inhibited the typical pathological changes of ARDS in the lung tissue of mice in the LPS group. Conclusions HKL can significantly inhibit the LPS-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell-connection breakdown of PMVECs, thereby alleviating ARDS symptoms.

Abstract: Objective 　To explore the optimal method for preparing fresh and fixed skeletal muscle tissues, and to lay an experimental foundation for the rapid diagnosis of and research into the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle diseases. Methods　The tibialis anterior muscle was extracted from C57BL/6J mice. Fresh tissue was treated by direct rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen, embedding combined with liquid nitrogen freezing, and foreign body alkane treatment combined with liquid nitrogen freezing. Fixed tissues were pre-treated by direct embedding with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing. The frozen sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The cross-sectional areas of ice crystals and muscle fibers were calculated to evaluate the effects of the different pre-treatment method. Results　The morphology of the muscle fiber bundles was disrupted and numerous ice crystal vacuoles were observed in fresh tissues after direct liquid nitrogen freezing and foreign body alkane treatment combined with liquid nitrogen freezing. In contrast, the muscle fiber bundles were intact and dense and there were no ice crystals in tissues treated with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing, indicating that this pre-treatment method was suitable for preparing fresh skeletal muscle tissue. Fixed tissue treated with embedding agent and liquid nitrogen freezing also showed complete muscle fiber bundles and no ice crystals. Conclusions　Treatment of fresh and fixed skeletal muscle tissues with embedding agent combined with rapid liquid nitrogen freezing preserves muscle fiber bundles, with no ice crystals. Tissues prepared by this method are thus suitable for further examinations, such as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. This method will therefore aid the accurate and rapid diagnosis of and research into the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle diseases.

Abstract: Objective 　To optimize the technical parameters used for embryo transfer in golden hamsters, and explore the optimal number and developmental period of transplanted embryos for golden hamster pregnancy recipients. Methods We established a population of true pregnant albino golden hamster embryo transfer recipients and compared the effects of different embryonic developmental stages, recipient embryo reduction, and secondary transfer recipients on litter yield, donor embryo yield, and offspring survival rate. Results　Compared with wild-type golden hamster transplant recipients, true pregnancy albino recipients allowed the origin of the offspring to be determined quickly, and were suitable for various reproductive experimental programs based on embryo transfer. The use of fertilized eggs or two-cell embryos had no significant impact on the transfer effect (P>0.05); however, the rate of donor embryos was significantly increased in the recipient embryo-reduction group (22%, P<0.05). The second transfer recipient’s non-pregnancy rate was significantly increased (42%, P<0.01). The highest embryo yield rate (27%, P<0.01) and normal survival rate (89%) occurred with the transfer of 6~10 embryos. Conclusions　The transfer of 6~10 donor embryos may improve the yield and survival rate of donor embryos. Here, we successfully established an embryo transfer method using pregnant albino golden hamsters as recipients, thus providing technical support for the application and development of gene modification models in golden hamsters.

Abstract: Objective 　Exploring the current research status, research context, evolution, and future research directions of laboratory animal welfare and ethics in China. Methods　Literature related to laboratory animal welfare and ethics was collected from journals in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database from 2001 to 2023. A combination of a qualitative description based on a literature review and CiteSpace visual bibliometric analysis was used to summarize the achievements, hot topics, and directions of laboratory animal welfare and ethics research. Results　The literature shows that the overall popularity of research into laboratory animal welfare and ethics is on the rise in China. The hot research topics in this field include basic theories of laboratory animal welfare and ethics, the legislation of laboratory animal welfare and ethics, technologies for improving laboratory animal welfare and ethics, reviews of laboratory animal welfare and ethics, and laboratory animal welfare and ethics education. In response to the ethical issues arising from emerging interdisciplinary fields, continuous innovation is being made via research into this topic. Conclusions Suggestions are put forward regarding changes to the legal system, review mechanisms, education and training, and innovative research using laboratory animals welfare and ethics to provide a reference and guidance on the welfare and ethics of laboratory animals.

Abstract: Objective 　Experimental animal facilities account for a significant proportion of the energy consumption by scientific research institutions; however, the energy consumption characteristics of these facilities differ from those of ordinary buildings, and thus require specialized monitoring and management. Methods　A set of energy consumption monitoring systems was designed for experimental animal facilities and deployed in the specific pathogen-freelevel experimental animal facility of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Results　The system achieved real time collection and recording of the facility’s electricity consumption data, and proposed energy-saving measures for three application scenarios. Conclusions　This energy consumption monitoring system designed for experimental animal facilities is reliable, efficient, and user-friendly, and has the potential to guide and promote energy management programs at experimental animal facilities.

Abstract:This review introduces the daily management practices related to laboratory animal licensing in Hubei Province and the supervision processes during and after licensing. We consider the current status of laboratory animal license management, achievements, problems, and countermeasures in Hubei Province, with a focus on analyzing the legislative situation for laboratory animals, the issuance and distribution of permits, the scale of facilities, and the composition of employees. The number of laboratory animal licenses issued in Hubei Province has recently been increasing year by year, and the numbers of animals produced and used by licensed units have also continued to rise. Although the related industries are flourishing however, there are some regulatory deficiencies. This paper considers the perspective of biosafety, combined with the problems encountered in license management, and proposes relevant safety supervision countermeasures and suggestions to promote the development of the laboratory animal industry in Hubei Province.

Abstract:As a normal physiological substance, D-galactose can induce a process similar to natural brain aging in vivo and in vitro when administered excessively, and thus it is widely used to induce brain aging models in China and abroad. The model of brain failure induced by D-galactose has the advantages of a short modeling time, low cost, and significant effect. However, the induction mechanisms are complex and diverse, and the relationships between the mechanisms are unclear, which limit the practical applications of the model. This article reviews the in vivo metabolism of D-galactose and the various mechanisms involved in the induction of brain aging, as well as the links between the mechanisms, to provide a reference for the application and development of this model and the in-depth study of brain aging.

Abstract:The medial prefrontal cortex engages in various higher brain functions, including attention, transition of consciousness, and information integration, and is the central structure for the action of general anesthetics. In addition, it is considered both the end point for the bottom-up model of the layer-by-layer transmission of information and the starting point for the top-down modulation and integration of information. Classically, the medial prefrontal cortex can be divided into six layers of different functions in the vertical direction, and there are rich neural connections among the layers. In this review, we describe the laminar flow structures found in the medial prefrontal cortex, then discuss how general anesthetics change consciousness via the cortical laminar flow structures. To this aim, the article reviews the available evidence from current studies using rodents, primates, and human subjects that highlight the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in anesthesia.

Abstract:Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease associated with abnormal copper metabolism in the brain, which leads to misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein-copper complexes, which is an important pathological sign of Parkinson’s disease. Copper metabolism, i.e., cellular metabolic processes involving copper ions, is closely related to the pathogenesis of α-synuclein aggregation, dopamine metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease. In this review, we summarize the molecular metabolic mechanism of copper toxicity by studying the pathological role of copper metabolism in Parkinson’s disease, to support our further understanding of the mechanism of action and drug development.

Abstract:To analyze the existing method for obtaining animal models of hepatic encephalopathy and their clinical characteristics with a view to providing ideas for the establishment of animal models that are more in line with the clinical characteristics of Chinese and Western medicine. To search the Chinese Knowledge Network and Wanfang database, the keywords “hepatic encephalopathy”, “hepatic coma”, “animal”, and “animal model” were used. For the Pubmed database, “hepatic encephalopathy”, “hepatic coma”, “animal model”, and “animal” were used as search keywords. The literature on effective method of specific animal model preparation was collated and classified according to different modeling factors and method. The modeling method and characteristics were summarized, and the degree to which the animal models shared the clinical characteristics and symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy according to Chinese and Western medicine was assessed. The clinical match of the animal model was assigned and analyzed according to the clinical symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy in Chinese and Western medicine. There were 128 valid literature articles featuring 11 animal models obtained using 15 different modeling method. The highest degree of agreement with Western medicine was the CCl₄ oil solution intraperitoneal injection+gavage+ammonium chloride intraperitoneal injection model (92%), and the highest degree of agreement with traditional Chinese medicine was the CCl₄ oil solution intraperitoneal injection+ethanol aqueous solution self-drinking model (65%), but both lacked a combination of Chinese and Western medicine clinical characteristics. At present, animal models of hepatic encephalopathy that combine the characteristics of Chinese and Western medicine are lacking. Improving and refining the models to encompass the characteristics of both Chinese and Western medicine are expected to provide ideas for mechanism research and advance the clinical diagnosis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.

Abstract:Ischemic stroke is a neurological disease that damages brain tissue as a result of an insufficient blood supply to the brain, due to blockage or stenosis of the brain vessels. Increasing evidence has indicated that the Wnt/βcatenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathophysiological response to the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke. Programmed cell death includes many forms, such as apoptosis, necrotic apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, PANoptosis, and ferroptosis. In this review, we elucidate the characteristics of these different modes of cell death and their cross-talk relationships with each other, and systematically outline the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in the intervention of different cell death modes in ischemic stroke, with the aim of providing references for future clinical and basic research studies.

Abstract:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with an early clinical manifestation of symmetric small joint pain, which gradually worsens and often involves multiple joints, ultimately result ing in arthritic deformities and loss of labor capacity. Molecular signaling pathways have been a focus of research regarding the prevention and treatment of RA, and the progression of RA has been shown to be closely related to various signaling pathways, including the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, mitogen-activated protein kinase, NOD-like receptor protein 3, Toll like receptor, Wnt, Notch, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed death factor 1 and ligand 1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Increasing recent studies have investigated the external treatment of RA using traditional Chinese medicines based on the above signaling pathways. In this paper, we review the relevant data and reports to explain the relationship between the above pathways and the pathogenesis and prevention of RA. We also summarize the research result regarding the modulation of these signaling pathways by external treatment with traditional Chinese medicines aimed at preventing and treating rheumatoid joints, with a view to providing a scientific basis for the clinical selection of these treatments.

Abstract:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex, and involves various central nervous system and peripheral cells. Single-cell sequencing has recently been increasingly applied in the study of neurological disorders, leading to important advances in our understanding of intercellular heterogeneity, disease development mechanisms, and treatment strategies. This review summarizes research progress in single-cell sequencing and its applications in MS.

Abstract:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex underlying genetic structure. Current preclinical trials, however, mainly rely on rodent models to test the effects of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions on the core and related symptoms of ASD. This paper considers the brain regions that affect social interaction behaviors from the perspective of cognitive neural mechanisms, and reviews behavioral testing experiments, such as the three-chamber social interaction test, visible burrow system, and eco-HAB system. We also summarize effective non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions, such as baclofen, oxytocin, and metformin, in the core and related symptom areas of ASD. This review aims to provide reference directions to promote the development of preclinical trials using rodent models.