Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are the mental diseases closely related to the central nervous system, characterized by morphological abnormalities and slowly progressive loss of function in specific neuron groups. The main diseases include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). However, the directly therapies for NDs are not founded. In recent years, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has been widely used in various neurodegenerative diseases. It has been found that the pathogenesis of NDs are involved in conditions of immune cells and biological processes such as mitochondrial function, angiogenesis, inflammation and synaptic transmission. The antilepsis of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) is a potential treatment for NDs. Ultimately, the application of scRNA-seq technology in various NDs was reviewed in this paper ,and provided reference for the future prevention and treatment of NDs.