Characterization of the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: mechanisms, challenges, and prospects
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1. Section for Hepato Pancreato Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University & the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu,Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu 610031, China. 2. Tianjin Medical University Nankai Hospital,Tianjin 300100. 3. the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000

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R-33

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    Abstract:

    Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor with biliary epithelial features. The early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma is currently difficult and the treatment outcomes are poor. Its microenvironment includes abundant fibrotic mesenchyme and a variety of cell types, which promote the development and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma by interacting with tumor cells through mechanisms such as facilitating migration, suppressing the immune response, and inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Immunotherapy is an important tumor treatment approach, and immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma has made some progress. This article reviews the characteristics of the immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma, its relationship with immunotherapy, and cutting-edge therapeutic strategies.

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History
  • Received:January 14,2024
  • Online: August 19,2024
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