Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex underlying genetic structure. Current preclinical trials, however, mainly rely on rodent models to test the effects of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions on the core and related symptoms of ASD. This paper considers the brain regions that affect social interaction behaviors from the perspective of cognitive neural mechanisms, and reviews behavioral testing experiments, such as the three-chamber social interaction test, visible burrow system, and eco-HAB system. We also summarize effective non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions, such as baclofen, oxytocin, and metformin, in the core and related symptom areas of ASD. This review aims to provide reference directions to promote the development of preclinical trials using rodent models.