This study investigated the background of the modernization movement of Japanese laboratory animals in terms of time, examines the establishment of the main laws, regulations and guidelines of Japanese laboratory animals, and introduces the administrative framework and education and training system of Japanese laboratory animals. Throughout the developmental history of laboratory animal management in Japan, we can see: (1) Modernization movement of laboratory animals in Japan started in an early stage. (2) Through continuous improvement and revision, Japan finally formed a set of rigorous and standardized laws and regulations for laboratory animal feeding and animal experimental management. (3) In the management of laboratory animals, the administrative agencies of the government have strong power and responsibility to guide researchers actively. Various scientific research institutions and universities participate in industry management to form a characteristic independent management model. ( 4) Other laboratory animal-related groups actively cooperate with each other to formulate a series of industry guidance and standards. The Japanese Laboratory Animal Society and other groups actively carry out education and training of laboratory animal practitioners. To examine the history of laboratory animal management in Japan and analyze the laws, regulations, and management system to provide a reference for legislation of laboratory animals and improve the management system of experimental animals in China. Drawing lessons from the experience of Japan and other developed countries can promote the management of laboratory animals in China.