Objective To investigate the mechanism whereby Wenyanghuayin decoction ameliorates airway remodeling in rats with bronchial asthma and syndrome of cold fluid accumulation, focusing on the ERK1 / 2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated to normal, model, control, and experimental groups (n= 15 each). Ovalbumin sensitization, stimulation, and atomization were used to induce bronchial asthma in the model rats, then iced water feeding was stimulated by “ cold drinking” and freezing in a refrigerator was stimulated by “ form cold” to model the syndrome of cold drink accumulating in the lung. Rats in the experimental and control groups were administered 30 mg / kg Wenyanghuayin decoction or rapamycin in physiological saline by gavage, respectively, and the normal and model groups were administered the same volume of normal saline for 22 consecutive days. A small and micro animal lung function analyzer was used to assess the lung function of the rats. TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis in lung tissue. ELISA kits were used to measure the serum concentrations of interleukin ( IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Western blot was used to measure the expression of p-ERK1 / 2, p-p38 MAPK, the apoptosis- related protein Bax, and Bcl2 in lung tissue. Results Compared with the normal group, the airway resistance during inhalation (Rinsp) and expiration (Rexp), the serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α, the rate of apoptosis, and the expression of p-ERK1 / 2, p-p38 MAPK, and Bax were significantly higher, and the dynamic compliance ( Cdyn) and expression of Bcl-2 were significantly lower ( all P<0. 05) in the model group than in the control group. The Rinsp and Rexp, serum IL-6 and TNF-α, apoptosis rate, and expression of p-ERK1 / 2, p-p38 MAPK, and Bax were significantly lower; and the Cdyn and the expression of Bcl-2 were significantly higher than in the control and experimental groups (all P<0. 05). Conclusions In a rat model of airway remodeling during bronchial asthma and syndrome of cold fluid accumulation in the lung, Wenyanghuayin decoction significantly inhibits the release of proinflammatory factors and reduces lung cell apoptosis, which may be mediated via inhibition of ERK1 / 2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.